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活性氧 - 版本历史
2026-04-17T20:47:21Z
本wiki的该页面的版本历史
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2026年1月3日 (六) 00:04 77921020
2026-01-03T00:04:28Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上一版本</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2026年1月3日 (六) 00:04的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l3" >第3行：</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第3行：</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <div style="margin-bottom: 30px; border-bottom: 1.2px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 25px;"></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <div style="margin-bottom: 30px; border-bottom: 1.2px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 25px;"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <p style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 10px 0; color: #334155; text-align: justify;"></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <p style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 10px 0; color: #334155; text-align: justify;"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <strong>活性氧</strong>（Reactive Oxygen Species, <strong>ROS</strong>）是一类由氧衍生而来的、具有高度化学反应活性的含氧分子总称。主要包括<strong>[[超氧阴离子]]</strong> (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$\text{</del>O<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}_2^{\bullet-}$</del>)、<strong>[[过氧化氢]]</strong> (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$\text{</del>H<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}_2\text{</del>O<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}_2$</del>) 和毒性极强的<strong>[[羟自由基]]</strong> (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$\text{</del>OH<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}^{\bullet}$</del>)。在生物体内，ROS 主要源自<strong>[[线粒体]]</strong>的电子传递链泄漏和<strong>[[NADPH氧化酶]]</strong>。ROS 具有显著的“双刃剑”效应：在低浓度下，它们是关键的<strong>[[细胞信号分子]]</strong>，调控增殖、分化和免疫防御（如吞噬细胞的呼吸爆发）；但在高浓度下，会导致<strong>[[氧化应激]]</strong>，破坏 DNA、蛋白质和脂质（如引发<strong>[[铁死亡]]</strong>），与<strong>[[衰老]]</strong>、神经退行性疾病及癌症的发生密切相关。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <strong>活性氧</strong>（Reactive Oxygen Species, <strong>ROS</strong>）是一类由氧衍生而来的、具有高度化学反应活性的含氧分子总称。主要包括<strong>[[超氧阴离子]]</strong> (O<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup></ins>)、<strong>[[过氧化氢]]</strong> (H<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sub>2</sub></ins>O<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sub>2</sub></ins>) 和毒性极强的<strong>[[羟自由基]]</strong> (OH<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sup>•</sup></ins>)。在生物体内，ROS 主要源自<strong>[[线粒体]]</strong>的电子传递链泄漏和<strong>[[NADPH氧化酶]]</strong>。ROS 具有显著的“双刃剑”效应：在低浓度下，它们是关键的<strong>[[细胞信号分子]]</strong>，调控增殖、分化和免疫防御（如吞噬细胞的呼吸爆发）；但在高浓度下，会导致<strong>[[氧化应激]]</strong>，破坏 DNA、蛋白质和脂质（如引发<strong>[[铁死亡]]</strong>），与<strong>[[衰老]]</strong>、神经退行性疾病及癌症的发生密切相关。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l25" >第25行：</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第25行：</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <tr></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <tr></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; width: 40%; white-space: nowrap;">核心成员</th></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; width: 40%; white-space: nowrap;">核心成员</th></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;"><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$\text{</del>O<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}_2^{\bullet-}$</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$\text{</del>H<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}_2\text{</del>O<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}_2$</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$\text{</del>OH<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}^{\bullet}$</del></td></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">O<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup></ins>, H<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sub>2</sub></ins>O<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sub>2</sub></ins>, OH<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sup>•</sup></ins></td></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </tr></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </tr></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <tr></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <tr></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l61" >第61行：</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第61行：</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <p style="text-align: justify; color: #334155; font-size: 0.95em;"></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <p style="text-align: justify; color: #334155; font-size: 0.95em;"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <strong>内源性：</strong></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <strong>内源性：</strong></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <br>• <strong>[[线粒体]]电子传递链 (ETC)：</strong> 复合物 I 和 III 是电子泄漏的主要位点，约 1-2% 的电子会“逃逸”直接与氧气反应生成超氧阴离子 (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$\text{</del>O<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}_2^{\bullet-}$</del>)。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <br>• <strong>[[线粒体]]电子传递链 (ETC)：</strong> 复合物 I 和 III 是电子泄漏的主要位点，约 1-2% 的电子会“逃逸”直接与氧气反应生成超氧阴离子 (O<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup></ins>)。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <br>• <strong>[[NADPH氧化酶]] (NOX)：</strong> 尤其在吞噬细胞中，这是有意制造 ROS 以杀灭细菌的武器（呼吸爆发）。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <br>• <strong>[[NADPH氧化酶]] (NOX)：</strong> 尤其在吞噬细胞中，这是有意制造 ROS 以杀灭细菌的武器（呼吸爆发）。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <br><strong>外源性：</strong> [[电离辐射]]、[[紫外线]]、空气污染物、吸烟。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <br><strong>外源性：</strong> [[电离辐射]]、[[紫外线]]、空气污染物、吸烟。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l72" >第72行：</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第72行：</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <p style="text-align: justify; color: #334155; font-size: 0.95em;"></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <p style="text-align: justify; color: #334155; font-size: 0.95em;"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> 为了防止自身被氧化，细胞进化出了层层防御：</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> 为了防止自身被氧化，细胞进化出了层层防御：</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <br>• <strong>第一道防线：[[超氧化物歧化酶]] (SOD)</strong> 将 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$\text{</del>O<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}_2^{\bullet-}$ </del>转化为毒性较低的 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$\text{</del>H<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}_2\text{</del>O<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}_2$</del>。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <br>• <strong>第一道防线：[[超氧化物歧化酶]] (SOD)</strong> 将 O<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup> </ins>转化为毒性较低的 H<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sub>2</sub></ins>O<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sub>2</sub></ins>。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <br>• <strong>第二道防线：[[过氧化氢酶]] (CAT)</strong> 和 <strong>[[谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶]] (GPX)</strong> 将 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$\text{</del>H<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}_2\text{</del>O<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}_2$ </del>分解为水和氧气。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <br>• <strong>第二道防线：[[过氧化氢酶]] (CAT)</strong> 和 <strong>[[谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶]] (GPX)</strong> 将 H<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sub>2</sub></ins>O<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sub>2</sub> </ins>分解为水和氧气。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <br>• <strong>非酶系统：</strong> 还原型[[谷胱甘肽]] (GSH) 是细胞内最重要的抗氧化剂储备。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <br>• <strong>非酶系统：</strong> 还原型[[谷胱甘肽]] (GSH) 是细胞内最重要的抗氧化剂储备。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l146" >第146行：</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第146行：</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9;"></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9;"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">化学形态</td></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">化学形态</td></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[超氧阴离子]] (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$\text{</del>O<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}_2^{\bullet-}$</del>) • [[过氧化氢]] • [[羟自由基]]</td></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[超氧阴离子]] (O<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup></ins>) • [[过氧化氢]] • [[羟自由基]]</td></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </tr></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </tr></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9;"></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9;"></div></td></tr>
</table>
77921020
https://www.yiliao.com/index.php?title=%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E6%B0%A7&diff=312407&oldid=prev
77921020：建立内容为“<div style="padding: 0 4%; line-height: 1.8; color: #1e293b; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'PingFang SC', Arial, sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff…”的新页面
2026-01-03T00:00:14Z
<p>建立内容为“<div style="padding: 0 4%; line-height: 1.8; color: #1e293b; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'PingFang SC', Arial, sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff…”的新页面</p>
<p><b>新页面</b></p><div><div style="padding: 0 4%; line-height: 1.8; color: #1e293b; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'PingFang SC', Arial, sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff; max-width: 1200px; margin: auto;"><br />
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<strong>活性氧</strong>（Reactive Oxygen Species, <strong>ROS</strong>）是一类由氧衍生而来的、具有高度化学反应活性的含氧分子总称。主要包括<strong>[[超氧阴离子]]</strong> ($\text{O}_2^{\bullet-}$)、<strong>[[过氧化氢]]</strong> ($\text{H}_2\text{O}_2$) 和毒性极强的<strong>[[羟自由基]]</strong> ($\text{OH}^{\bullet}$)。在生物体内，ROS 主要源自<strong>[[线粒体]]</strong>的电子传递链泄漏和<strong>[[NADPH氧化酶]]</strong>。ROS 具有显著的“双刃剑”效应：在低浓度下，它们是关键的<strong>[[细胞信号分子]]</strong>，调控增殖、分化和免疫防御（如吞噬细胞的呼吸爆发）；但在高浓度下，会导致<strong>[[氧化应激]]</strong>，破坏 DNA、蛋白质和脂质（如引发<strong>[[铁死亡]]</strong>），与<strong>[[衰老]]</strong>、神经退行性疾病及癌症的发生密切相关。<br />
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<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1.2px;">活性氧</div><br />
<div style="font-size: 0.7em; opacity: 0.85; margin-top: 4px; white-space: nowrap;">Reactive Oxygen Species (点击展开)</div><br />
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[[Image:ROS_Types_Diagram.png|100px|主要ROS类型结构]]<br />
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<div style="font-size: 0.8em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 12px; font-weight: 600;">天使与魔鬼的结合体</div><br />
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<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; width: 40%; white-space: nowrap;">核心成员</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">$\text{O}_2^{\bullet-}$, $\text{H}_2\text{O}_2$, $\text{OH}^{\bullet}$</td><br />
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<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; white-space: nowrap;">主要来源</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e40af;">[[线粒体]] (ETC), [[NOX酶]]</td><br />
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<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; white-space: nowrap;">清除酶 (抗氧化)</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">[[SOD]], [[过氧化氢酶]], [[GPX]]</td><br />
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<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; white-space: nowrap;">小分子清除剂</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">[[谷胱甘肽]] (GSH), [[Vit C]]</td><br />
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<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; white-space: nowrap;">病理状态</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #b91c1c;">[[氧化应激]] (Oxidative Stress)</td><br />
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<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; white-space: nowrap;">致死机制</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; color: #b91c1c;">[[脂质过氧化]] (铁死亡), DNA断裂</td><br />
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<h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">产生与清除：体内的氧化还原平衡</h2><br />
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细胞必须维持 ROS 产生与清除之间的精细平衡（氧化还原稳态）。一旦失衡，要么导致信号传导阻滞（ROS过低），要么导致分子损伤（ROS过高）。<br />
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<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 1.1em; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;">1. 活性的来源 (Sources)</h3><br />
<p style="text-align: justify; color: #334155; font-size: 0.95em;"><br />
<strong>内源性：</strong><br />
<br>• <strong>[[线粒体]]电子传递链 (ETC)：</strong> 复合物 I 和 III 是电子泄漏的主要位点，约 1-2% 的电子会“逃逸”直接与氧气反应生成超氧阴离子 ($\text{O}_2^{\bullet-}$)。<br />
<br>• <strong>[[NADPH氧化酶]] (NOX)：</strong> 尤其在吞噬细胞中，这是有意制造 ROS 以杀灭细菌的武器（呼吸爆发）。<br />
<br><strong>外源性：</strong> [[电离辐射]]、[[紫外线]]、空气污染物、吸烟。<br />
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[[Image:Mitochondrial_ROS_Production.png|100px|线粒体ETC产生ROS示意图]]<br />
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<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #15803d; font-size: 1.1em; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;">2. 抗氧化防御系统 (Defense)</h3><br />
<p style="text-align: justify; color: #334155; font-size: 0.95em;"><br />
为了防止自身被氧化，细胞进化出了层层防御：<br />
<br>• <strong>第一道防线：[[超氧化物歧化酶]] (SOD)</strong> 将 $\text{O}_2^{\bullet-}$ 转化为毒性较低的 $\text{H}_2\text{O}_2$。<br />
<br>• <strong>第二道防线：[[过氧化氢酶]] (CAT)</strong> 和 <strong>[[谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶]] (GPX)</strong> 将 $\text{H}_2\text{O}_2$ 分解为水和氧气。<br />
<br>• <strong>非酶系统：</strong> 还原型[[谷胱甘肽]] (GSH) 是细胞内最重要的抗氧化剂储备。<br />
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<h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">生理病理效应：双刃剑</h2><br />
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<th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #0f172a; width: 20%; white-space: nowrap;">效应维度</th><br />
<th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #1e40af; width: 35%;">具体机制</th><br />
<th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #475569;">临床关联</th><br />
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<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600; white-space: nowrap; color: #15803d;">生理信号<br>(Signaling)</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">可逆性氧化蛋白质中的半胱氨酸残基，调节酶活性。例如：抑制磷酸酶，从而激活 <strong>[[MAPK]]</strong> 或 <strong>[[NF-κB]]</strong> 通路。</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">细胞增殖、胰岛素信号传导、免疫激活。</td><br />
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<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600; white-space: nowrap; color: #b91c1c;">DNA 损伤<br>(Mutagenesis)</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[羟自由基]] 攻击 DNA 碱基，产生 <strong>[[8-OHdG]]</strong> (8-羟基脱氧鸟苷)，导致 G→T 颠换突变。</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;"><strong>[[癌症]]</strong>发生 (尤其是慢性炎症相关肿瘤)；衰老积累。</td><br />
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<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600; white-space: nowrap; color: #b91c1c;">脂质过氧化<br>(Lipid Peroxidation)</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">ROS 攻击细胞膜上的多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)，引发链式反应，破坏膜完整性。</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;"><strong>[[铁死亡]]</strong> (Ferroptosis) 的核心机制；[[动脉粥样硬化]]。</td><br />
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<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600; white-space: nowrap; color: #b91c1c;">缺血再灌注<br>(Ischemia-Reperfusion)</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">组织缺血后恢复供氧，线粒体突然产生大量 ROS，造成的损伤远超缺血本身。</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;"><strong>[[心肌梗死]]</strong>急救、器官移植、脑卒中溶栓后的继发损伤。</td><br />
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<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600; white-space: nowrap; color: #1e40af;">肿瘤治疗<br>(Therapy)</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">利用癌细胞本身 ROS 水平高、耐受阈值低的弱点，进一步爆发性增加 ROS 至致死水平。</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[放疗]] (电离水产生ROS)、部分化疗药 (如[[顺铂]])、光动力疗法。</td><br />
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<div style="font-size: 0.92em; line-height: 1.6; color: #1e293b; margin-top: 50px; border-top: 2px solid #0f172a; padding: 15px 25px; background-color: #f8fafc; border-radius: 0 0 10px 10px;"><br />
<span style="color: #0f172a; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.05em; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 15px;">学术参考文献与权威点评</span><br />
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<p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;"><br />
[1] <strong>Sies H. (1991).</strong> <em>Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants.</em> <strong>[[Experimental Physiology]]</strong>. 1991;76(1):153-153.<br><br />
<span style="color: #475569;">[学术点评]：概念定义。Helmut Sies 教授首次系统定义了“氧化应激” (Oxidative Stress) 这一概念，即促氧化剂与抗氧化剂平衡的破坏，倾向于氧化一侧。</span><br />
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<p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;"><br />
[2] <strong>Holmström KM, Finkel T. (2014).</strong> <em>Cellular mechanisms and physiological consequences of redox signaling.</em> <strong>[[Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology]]</strong>. 2014;15(6):411-421.<br><br />
<span style="color: #475569;">[学术点评]：现代视角。这篇综述详细阐述了 ROS 并非单纯的有害副产物，而是精密的细胞信号传导介质，对维持干细胞功能和组织再生至关重要。</span><br />
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<p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;"><br />
[3] <strong>Dixon SJ, et al. (2012).</strong> <em>Ferroptosis: an iron-dependent form of non-apoptotic cell death.</em> <strong>[[Cell]]</strong>. 2012;149(5):1060-1072.<br><br />
<span style="color: #475569;">[学术点评]：里程碑。首次定义了“铁死亡”，明确了其机制是铁依赖性的 ROS 累积导致的致死性脂质过氧化，为 ROS 在肿瘤治疗中的应用开辟了新天地。</span><br />
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<p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;"><br />
[4] <strong>Harman D. (1956).</strong> <em>Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry.</em> <strong>[[Journal of Gerontology]]</strong>. 1956;11(3):298-300.<br><br />
<span style="color: #475569;">[学术点评]：衰老理论。提出了著名的“衰老自由基学说”，认为 ROS 造成的累积性损伤是生物体衰老和寿命限制的根本原因。</span><br />
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<div style="background-color: #eff6ff; color: #1e40af; padding: 8px 15px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbeafe;"><br />
活性氧 (ROS) · 知识图谱<br />
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<td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">化学形态</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[超氧阴离子]] ($\text{O}_2^{\bullet-}$) • [[过氧化氢]] • [[羟自由基]]</td><br />
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<td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">抗氧化剂</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[SOD]] • [[CAT]] • [[GPX]] • [[谷胱甘肽]] • [[Nrf2]]</td><br />
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<td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">相关过程</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[氧化应激]] • [[铁死亡]] • [[呼吸爆发]] • [[线粒体功能障碍]]</td><br />
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<td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">临床应用</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[放疗增敏]] • [[缺血再灌注损伤]] • [[抗衰老]]</td><br />
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77921020